Essay on Corporate And Social Responsibility - 988 Words

Corporate And Social Responsibility In recent years, Corporate and Social Responsibility has become an ever increasing concern and source of community debate. It is now socially accepted that corporations have some ongoing responsibility, though sometimes ignored, to set a good example, make decisions based on social good and on ensuring positive environmental practices. The two articles reviewed both focus on this corporate responsibility but they have very different approaches and draw very different conclusions. John Darleys article How Organisations Socialize Individuals into Evildoing summarises some of the factors and forces involved in creating socially negative corporate scenarios and then goes on to detail how†¦show more content†¦Consequently, Darley paints a bleak picture for future improvements in the short term for Corporate and Social Responsibility and continues by examining some of the factors that influence individuals to adopt these corporate motivations to the detriment of their own social responsibilities. Factors such as diffusion and fragmentation of information and responsibility, threats and clever framing and a culture of persuasion, he suggested, could corrupt individuals over time, indicating that the potential for harm is not purely limited to corporations. He further implies that individuals have the ability to s pread this type of corruption from one corporation to another, much like the way a virus spreads. Is this realism or cynicism? I believe that the same could be said of any human interaction, as any individual has the potential to carry out social harm or illegal practices or to influence others. This does not mean that most or even many of us necessarily do so, and could also be true of corporations. Therefore examining this potential for corporations is not an effective way to address a resolution. Perhaps Darley is correct that this type of corporate social abuse is systemic but that does not mean that the system itself cannot be changed. However there was an obvious desire within Darleys article for a change in corporate responsibility long term, but it became clear that it would be a long and hard road as the veryShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility773 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve spending finances that do not directly benefit the company but rather advocate positive social and environmental change. The soul in the next economy forum presentation made it evident that achieving corporate social responsibly in a company can reap major benefits in terms of finances, more inspiring workplace and customer satisfaction. In the past, companies mistakenly thought that corporate socialRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2819 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction For the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thought of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got toRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2819 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction For the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thought of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got toRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2818 Words   |  12 PagesFor the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thou ght of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got to be worryRead MoreCorporate Responsibility And Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1867 Words   |  8 PagesStevan Jakovljevic Professor Laud MGT 3550 Values, Ethics and Sustainability 10/18/16 Chapter 3: Define corporate responsibility (CSR). Describe the benefits. Why do some executives support CSR while others find it troublesome and argue against it? Corporate social responsibility is what a company uses to self-regulate itself and refers to business practices involving initiatives that benefit society. A business’s CSR can encompass a wide variety of tactics, from giving away a portion of a company’sRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility779 Words   |  4 PagesPolytechnic University of the Philippines Sta. Mesa, Manila College of Business Submitted by: Ramizares, Riza Marie M. BSBA HRDM 4-6N Submitted to: Professor Celso D. Torreon Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility * Organizational Culture is the behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the people attach to their actions. Culture includes the organization values, visions, norms, working language, systems, symbols, beliefsRead MoreCorporate and Social Responsibility997 Words   |  4 PagesBirch (2002). Social, Economic and Environmental Capital. Corporate Citizenship in a New Economy. Deakin University, Melbourne J.M. Darley (2005). How Organizations Socialize Individuals into Evildoing In recent years, Corporate and Social Responsibility has become an ever increasing concern and source of community debate. It is now socially accepted that corporations have some ongoing responsibility, though sometimes ignored, to set a good example, make decisions based on social good and onRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1072 Words   |  5 Pages Corporate Social Responsibility Introduction In this essay the author will try to give an understanding of what is the Corporate Social Responsibility, why it is so important nowadays and we will analyse role of Lidl in this area in different dimensions. So what is the Corporate Social Responsibility?The World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publication â€Å"Making Good Business Sense† by Lord Holme and Richard Watts, used the following definition Corporate SocialRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1030 Words   |  4 Pages Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business/corporate social responsibility) is an enterprise self-discipline is integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in automatic adjustment mechanism, make enterprise monitoring, ensuring effective comply with the law, moral and spiritual international norms. In some aircraft, the company to perform corporate social responsibilityRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1468 Words   |  6 PagesPortfolio Task Business Oral Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has the negative connotation of â€Å"putting in extra effort to make a difference†. However†¦ when large companies such as Pick and Pay makes it their responsibility to give back to the community it has the ability to change the lives of everyday, struggling South Africans. CSR can be defined as management’s obligation to promote and protect the welfare of all stakeholders. (1) It is clear that Pick and Pay has chosen to make a difference

Project †Work Life Balance and Stress in Women in Academia Essay Free Essays

string(24) " floor near your chair\." Question 1 1. 1 Conflict gt ; The pattern of acknowledging and covering with differences in a rational. balanced and effectual manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Project – Work Life Balance and Stress in Women in Academia Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Conflict is an uttered battle between at least two mutualist parties who perceive incompatible ends. scare resources. and intervention from others in accomplishing their ends. † 1. 2 Decision- doing gt ; Is the pick of the most suited manner of work outing a job or managing a state of affairs. 1. 3 Communication gt ; Is a agency by which the instructor and pupils’ different demands. feelings and attitudes are conveyed to each other in order to set up cooperation and achieve ends. 1. 4 Motivation gt ; Is the procedure by agencies of which motivations are provided by. amongst others. a director or state of affairs in order to convey about certain actions and therefore to accomplish certain ends. 1. 5 Leadership gt ; Leadership consists of actions that help the group to finish its undertakings successfully and keep effectual on the job relationships among its members. Leadership is a set of accomplishments that anyone can get Question 2 2. 1. 1 AUTOCRATIC CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT STYLE When covering with pupil behaviour the instructor will step in and seek to command the behavior of the students. The instructor is chiefly interested in the pupils’ completion of undertakings and larning public presentation. Pupils’ engagement in the schoolroom state of affairs is limited to listening. working and making. The followers are some advantages of this attack: ? Some students may experience secure in this sort of state of affairs. ? Because the instructor lays down fixed regulations and processs. students know what is expected of them and what they can anticipate in the schoolroom. The followers are some disadvantages of this attack: ? The schoolroom ambiance is characterised by competition. involuntariness to work together and hapless subject when students are left unsupervised. Creative thought is suppressed. ? There is no cooperation. ? Students may develop a negative attitude towards the topic. 1 Student no: 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no: 2 719493 2. 1. 2 Democratic CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT STYLE A democratic manner of schoolroom direction correlates with an synergistic instruction manner. This learning manner requires that instructors should hold a sound cognition of their capable and of human nature so that they can promote their students to take part actively and meaningfully in learning and learning activities. The control of pupil behavior in the schoolroom is jointly controlled by the students and the instructor. As a direction manner it requires the instructor to keep a balance between the undertaking facet and the human facet of the schoolroom state of affairs. Teaching and larning undertakings are completed with the pupils’ willing cooperation and carbon monoxide duty which are the trademarks of democratic schoolroom direction. The followers are some advantages: ? ? ? Pupils take part confidently in schoolroom activities. It encourages inaugural and creativeness. The schoolroom ambiance is relaxed. yet productive. ? Students feel that they are involved in learning activities. 2. 2 Five manners of struggle direction? Avoidance: avoiding struggle is a short-run solution because the struggle will non travel off. Sometimes. nevertheless. turning away could be a impermanent step to quiet emotions. ? Giving in or suiting: instructors who severely want the students to accept them utilize this manner. With this manner the existent differences are underemphasized. Sometimes instructors have to give in to avoid ill will in the schoolroom and to guarantee that the work can acquire done. Domination: instructors who want to enforce their will on students use this manner. In the long tally this manner is rarely effectual. although instructors sometimes have to rule. ? Compromise or settle: this manner is marked by a hunt for via medias and colony. The instructor will seek to run into everyone halfway and to allow the bulk position prevail. Because a colony might non fulfill everybody. the dissatisfaction could once more do struggle at a ulterior phase. ? Integrate or collaborate: this manner is besides known as the problem-solving attack. The parties cooperate in order to happen a satisfactory solution. 2. 3 A proper balance between the: task-oriented and the human dealingss facets. required in every teaching-learning state of affairs. enables instructors to make a teaching-learning state of affairs with a positive ambiance. Keeping a balance between the structural ( formal ) and human dealingss ( informal ) aspects requires a holistic attack to classroom direction. The combination and integrating of these two dimensions represent the existent construction of the schoolroom state of affairs. which includes all countries of the teacher’s direction undertaking. These surveies revealed a clear correlativity between schoolroom ambiance and pupil public presentation of class 9 and grade 10 students in 12 secondary schools in Ontario as follows: ? Classroom atmosphere has a important influence on student public presentation. ? Although the personal and societal features of students are of import factors in their school public presentation. schoolroom ambiance is sometimes more of import. ? The psychosocial and academic facets of learning are interrelated. 2 Student no: 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no: 2 719493? Variables that relate straight to teaching-learning activities in the schoolroom have a particular. alone influence on student public presentation. The following are the guidelines for instructors to cultivate positive attitudes in their students: ? Put the students in the Centre. ? Respect pupils’ sentiments and handle all students respectfully. ? Give pupils a group feeling. ? Help pupils to experience secure in school. ? Make sure that pupils understand their assignments. ? Realise that students are kids. non grownups. Deal with single behavior jobs in private interviews with the student instead than in forepart of the whole category. ? Involve pupils in determination devising where appropriate. ? Do non label students. 3 Student no: 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no: 2 719493 2. 4 Classroom POLICY 1. In all cases. civility and regard for schoolmates and the teacher are expected. 2. Book bags. briefcases. etc. are non allowed on your desk during category. They must stay on the floor near your chair. You read "Project – Work Life Balance and Stress in Women in Academia Essay" in category "Essay examples" 3. You may non utilize cell phones in category. a. All tollers must be turned off. B. You may non text message. topographic point or reply calls. c. All earpieces. earphones. headsets or any other accoutrement for your cell phone may non be used in category – that means. out of sight and non on your caput or in your ear. 4. You may non utilize any device ( for illustration. IPod. MP3 participant ) to listen to or see music or other scheduling in category. 5. You will be asked to go forth category if you disregard schoolroom policy. ATTENDANCE / WITHDRAWAL POLICY 1. Since the class is conducted in a seminar format. your attending is compulsory. 2. You will subscribe the Attendance Signature sheet at the beginning of each category. 3. Your category engagement points may be reduced from if you are late in category. 4. You may be withdrawn from COS 133 if you are absent from 20 % of the category. Late Work 1. No late work will be accepted. MAKE-UP Quiz POLICY 1. There are no quiz makeups. No freedoms. Scaling POLICY 1. Your class for COS 133 will be based on the points you accumulate for assignments. quizzes. and category engagement. 2. Your class for COS 133 is calculated as follows: Subject 1. Assignments 2. Quizzes 3. Classroom Participation Weight 30 % 55 % 15 % 4 Student no: 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no: 2 719493. Topic Weight A 94 -100 1. Assignments 30 % A- 90 – 93 2. Quiz 55 % B+ 87 – 89 3. Classroom Participation 15 % B 84 – 86 B- 80 – 83 C+ 77 – 79 C 74 – 76 C- 70 – 73 D+ 67 – 69 D 64 – 66 D- 60 – 63 F lt ; 60 1. Assignments = 30 Points? ? ? COS assignments consist of a assortment of activities designed to advance a successful college experience at MCC. Your assignments will dwell of reading text edition chapters and replying related exercising inquiries. In add-on. you may be utilizing your MCC pupil electronic mail to subject Web assignments. ? ? ? Assignments are due at the beginning of the category. However. you may subject your assignments before the due day of the month. ? ? ? Distribution of points are as follows: 10 text edition assignments ( 3 points each ) = 30 points 2. Quizzes = 55 Points? ? ? Quizzes are based on your chapter reading assignments. o You may utilize your text edition to reply the inquiries. However. be good prepared for a really ambitious quiz. o If you are late for category and lose the quiz. you will have a nothing for the quiz. ? ? ? Distribution of points is as follows: o 11 text edition quizzes ( 5 points each ) = 55 points 3. Classroom Participation = 15 Points? ? ? Classroom engagement points are earned by behaviours that demonstrate o prompt attending for category 3 o active hearing O positive engagement in little group work o thoughtful parts during whole category treatments o civility and regard for schoolmates and the teacher? ? ? Distribution of points is as follows: o 1 point per hebdomad = 15 points o You can non gain schoolroom engagement points if you are absent. MCC REGULATIONS AND POLICIES Academic Honesty Policy In the academic procedure. it is assumed that rational honestness and unity are basic duties of any pupil. However. module members should accept their correlate 5 Student no: 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no: 2 719493 duty to modulate academic work and to carry on scrutiny processs in such a mode as non to ask for misdemeanors of academic honestness. Such misdemeanors consist chiefly of rip offing and plagiarism. For more inside informations sing MCC’s Academic Honesty policy sing definitions. disciplinary action. and process for entreaty look into the MCC Catalog and Student Handbook or MCC Website. Policy Statement on Sexual Harassment 1. Monroe Community College strives to acknowledge human self-respect and hence does non digest sexual torment or any other type of torment within or connected to this establishment. 2. Sexual torment is illegal and unfairly interferes with the chance for all individuals. regardless of gender. to hold a comfy and productive instruction and work environment. 3. We are committed to taking all sensible stairss to forestall sexual torment and to train those who do hassle. Code of Conduct The undermentioned actions or behaviors are prohibited. 1. The obstructor or break of any College map or activity. including the schoolroom instructional environment. disposal of the parking plan and service maps and activities. 2. The detainment. physical maltreatment or bullying of any individual. or menace thereof. or any 4 behavior which threatens or endangers the wellness. safety. or public assistance of any individual on College-owned or operated belongings or at College-sponsored activities. 3. The usage of obscene or opprobrious linguistic communication or any other agencies of look. linguistic communication. or action which may moderately be expected to arouse or promote physical force by other individuals. 4. The refusal to obey any sensible or lawful petition. order. or directive of a College public safety officer. a instructor. College decision maker. or any other identified representative of the College. MCC LEARNING CENTERS 1. Monroe Community College has a figure of Learning Centers at Brighton ( for illustration. Accounting. Math. Psychology. Writing. the Electronic Learning Center. etc. ) and at Damon ( for illustration. the Integrated Learning Center. Electronic Learning Center. etc. ) . 2. Learning centres are staffed with instructional forces and may be equipped with computing machines and package to help pupils. 3. It is recommended that pupils use the Learning Centers to acquire extra aid with constructs learned in the schoolroom and with their prep. SERVICES FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES 1. Students with a documented acquisition trouble should do an assignment with the Coordinator of Services for Students with Disabilities on the Brighton or Damon Campus to set up for support services. 2. All deaf or hard of hearing pupils should reach the Counseling and Advising Center. 3. You must supply the teacher with appropriate certification sing adjustments within the first two hebdomads of category. EMERGENCY CLOSINGS 1. If the College is closed due to inclement conditions or some other exigency. all Rochester country wireless and telecasting Stationss will be notified no later than 5:30 a. m. 2. In add-on. the home page on the MCC web site ( World Wide Web. monroecc. edu ) will expose a message bespeaking the College is closed. 3. Please make non name the College to avoid overloading the telephone lines. 5 6 Student no: 43713009 EDA 201W Ass no: 2 719493 CLASS CANCELLATION To entree a list of day-to-day category cancellations. you may 1. Name the Public Safety Department ( 292-2066 ) at MCC. imperativeness 1 for a list of off categories at Brighton and imperativeness 2 for a list of off categories at Damon ; 2. Travel to the Internet. entree MCC. travel to the A-Z listing to C for Class Cancellations and see the list of cancellations ; 3. Check your pupil electronic mail for a cancellation notice from your teacher 6 COURSE SYLLABUS AGREEMENT Detach and return this signed sheet to Professor Rodriguez. ______________________________________ M00______________________ Student’s Printed Name Student MCC College ID Number COS 133 Section Number: _________ Semester / Year: _____________ The Course Syllabus 1. The Course Syllabus ( class information sheet ) is a written legal compact between you and your professor. 2. It clarifies the professor’s outlooks and your duties. Your professor expects you to run into deadlines for assignments. documents. undertakings and trials. 3. It is your duty to reexamine the class course of study and clear up any facet of the course of study. Therefore. read it carefully and inquire inquiries you may hold about its content. Check the appropriate box. ? ? ? I have read the class information sheet for COS 133 – Introduction to College Studies. ? ? ? I understand my duties for this class. I do non hold any inquiries. ? ? ? I do non understand the demands stated in the COS 133 Course Information Sheet. I will schedule an assignment to discourse my inquiries with my professor. List your inquiries for treatment here: ______________________________________ _____________________ Signature Date. How to cite Project – Work Life Balance and Stress in Women in Academia Essay, Essay examples

AI And Future Accounting Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the AI And Future Accounting. Answer: Introduction AI is the system where a machine learns by means of algorithms to understand statistics from the world to estimate outcomes and learn from achievements and disappointments. This research proposal includes the literature review of AI and future accounting. After literature review the qualitative research methods are analysed which can be used during research like document analysis, focus group and many more. After research methods the analysis of data is done to find out the total time duration taken in completing the research proposal. Then the discussion is undertaken regarding benefit and disadvantages of AI in future accounting. And in last conclusion are analysed regarding research. Research question: A research question is the crucial centre of an examination venture, study, or audit of writing. It centres the examination, decides the philosophy, and aides all phases of request, investigation, and reporting. What is role of artificial intelligence in accounting? How artificial intelligence helps in taking decisions of accounting? How to exploit technology in accounting? Literature review AI use in future accounting is giving benefits to not only to accountants but also to companies as well. Following are the main key points for in AI and accounting: Focus on purpose: Accountants duty is to help company and economy work excellently by providing advice and taking decisions (Fethi Pasiouras, 2010). As accounting activities are ultimately related to decision process regarding the allocation of resources and data for the company. Accountants help in investment, growth, and confidence in the organization. The artificial intelligence system enables fundamentally numerous approaches towards accountants objective. It also helps in solving business problems the accountants need to resolve in daily routine. There are more problems and concerns like investors confidence and trust, government audits, tax assessment and many more daily routine issues can be solved with the help of artificial intelligence. The faith and confidence amongst various stakeholders can also be achieved through adopting artificial intelligence. Solving these kinds of basic problems for the organization is significant for companies and economies to lead in the market . According to Lee, Shih Chen, (2012) there are likewise many new issues that can be changed with new information and more advanced frameworks. In all cases, there is a enormous measure of work to do to accomplish those objectives. At any rate, there is a requirement of compelling estimation to empower educated choices on the assignment of money related and different assets to accomplish the objectives. Companies additionally require responsibility for those choices (ICAEW, 2017). Exploit powerful technologies: It is then imperative to perceive and abuse the energy of new innovations successfully. This report features the quality of machine learning ways to deal with AI, and profound learning strategies specifically, which are frequently prompting significant headway in numerous regions of research. In any case, it is a complex and consistently changing innovative setting. Different regions of innovation will communicate with AI and significantly affect business later on, as block-chain or quantum processing. Also, the pace of progress in abilities can be quick, and the idea of learning-based and information-driven frameworks empower nonstop change. According to Johnson, Phillips Chase, (2009) to completely misuse effective new advancements, we should be clear about their exceptional qualities and how they can take care of genuine issues. There is normally quite a while from building a working innovation to getting the most extreme incentive from it. Frequent ly, innovation can be an answer searching for an issue to resolve (Jariwala, 2015). Think deeply: In completing the profession liabilities needs openness to be reflective and avoiding defensive or refining the position quo. According to Ramchurn, et al., (2012) AI permits superior vision in gathering data also supports human experts in making improved decisions and offering guidance. As technology continues to be further influential will be enabling AI to move more into difficult decision parts of the business, possibly substituting humans overall in numerous cases and facilitating exclusively changed results, facilities and models. After observing at the longer term, therefore, the profession must think beyond incremental enhancements to present procedures (Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2014). Furthermore, it desires to reflect on the specific skills and abilities that auditors bring to companies. Adaptability: It is difficult to forecast the degree by which AI will substitute human management over the upcoming years. According to Dirican, (2015) there are considerably larger background and the lasting prospect of accountancy which will eventually reveal how humans will observe and shape connection with influential structures. This also will be prejudiced by a variety of monetary, societal and political factors. The expertise in the forthcoming time will also be very diverse to what is observed today. So there is a demand by companies providing significant aid through technology to overcome these hurdles and adaptability issues (Omoteso, 2012). Motivation for use of AI: The dynamic inspirations behind the adoption of AI in business processes seem to be the superior promptness and volume competency of computers when associated to their present human complements. Various businesses are at present using AI process computerization structures to crux numbers and shift facts on a regular basis (Chan Vasarhelyi, 2011). For instance, Kenco is an intellectual workstation system extensively used by stock dealers and shareholders to automatically examine portfolio performance and forecast market changes. Qualitative research Qualitative research approaches are explanatory and purpose is to offer a seriousness of understanding. Qualitative methods are generally founded on words, observations, feelings and much more (Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls Ormston, 2013). In comparison to quantitative techniques, qualitative research includes trials, discussions, focus groups, and surveys with flexible interrogations. Method of qualitative research: There are various methods which can be applied in qualitative research for the purpose of collecting data such as documentation analysis, focus group and observation. The detail The following method is preferred for the research proposal as this gives the accurate and informed data related to benefits and inefficiency of AI in accounting. According to the requirement the document analysis will give better results in comparison to other methods. Thus, document analysis is preferred and is discussed. Document analysis Document analysis is a method of qualitative examination through which documents are understood by the investigator to provide speech and implication about an assessment topic. Examining documents includes coding content into subjects alike too in what way focus collection or conversation records are analysed. It can help in accounting and AI as well in managing and investigating the business area (Smith, 2015). The reason for choosing this method is authentication of documents received from customers and clients. This is best for analysing the feasibility of AI in accounting in companies. Advantages- Document analyses are distinctive and arrived in an assortment of structures, making reports an extremely available and strong base of information. Acquiring and dissecting archives is frequently much more cost proficient and time effective than directing own exploration or trials (Cassell Symon, 2004). This also provides reduction in time of retrieval of data required by accountants. The following types of documents can be used while doing research through document analysis: Public Records: The authorized, continuing records of a companys activities. For instance include transcripts, mission statements, annual reports, policy manuals, strategic plans and many more. Personal Documents: Documentary financial records of a persons activities, practices, and opinions. For instance include e-mails, books, blogs, Facebook posts, duty logs, incident reports, reflections and many more. Disadvantages of document analysis in AI are: Data retrieved or provided by machines might be inapplicable, disrupted, inaccessible or obsolete. Could be one-sided as a result of particular survival of data. Information might be inadequate or insufficient as required by accountants. Can be tedious to gather survey and alteration of many if using document analysis. Arguments in favour of use of AI AI could turn into a precious accomplice in professions that request extensive training, specialized accuracy, and moral judgments inclusive of accounting. As indicated by a report, AI could achieve totally new classes of products and administrations, make new markets, and produce extensive additions for creators. According to Pannu, (2015) application ranges incorporate client administration, innovative work, coordination, deals, and marketing. The market for AI-based instruments and applications is developing quickly and, as indicated by a report from the European Commission. Sooner rather than later, AI may not just screen consistency with directions and company's policies which could likewise assess worker execution or even control contracting and terminating ((Luxton, Ronald Matthews, 2014). AI carries huge prospects for accountants to advance their competency, give vision and bring more significance to companies. In the upcoming future, AI raises prospects for more fundamental variation, as systems progressively take the task of decision-making presently done by individuals. AI is slowly assuming control monotonous accounting and process-driven undertakings, the information section and transaction coding. For instance, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) checks invoices. IBM Watson utilizes regular dialect preparing and machine learning for giving data and experiences from a lot of unstructured information. Arguments against the use of AI One of the primary weaknesses of computerized reasoning is the cost caused by the upkeep and repair. Projects should be refreshed to suit the evolving necessities, and machines should be made more intelligent and smarter. In case of a breakdown, the cost of repair might be high. Methods to re-establish lost code or information might be tedious and expensive (Andone Pavaloaia, 2013). AI does not have capability to store enormous quantity of data and information. Moreover the storage, permission and recovery of information are not effective as it is in case of human brain. According to Kirkos, Spathis Manolopoulos, (2010) AI may not be able to perform monotonous task for a longer duration of time and their knowledge also will not enhance with experience of working as in case of humans. AI can only perform the task for which they have been given programme. Due to this sometimes accountants has to face difficulty many times. Machines might not be as effective as individuals in changing their reactions contingent on the varying circumstances. Data analysis Data analysis in qualitative research includes statistical measures which can be used in gathering data regarding research. It becomes the tool of collecting data which is analysed and used in research. The various types of data analysis which can be done is primary and secondary methods. Primary research: The benefit of using primary data is that investigators are gathering facts for the purposes of their research (Issa, Sun Vasarhelyi, 2016). In core, the interrogations the researchers enquire are personalized to stimulate the facts that will aid researchers in their study. Researchers gather the data by themselves by focus group, document analysis and direct observations. Secondary research: They can incorporate from the data gathered by government through Statistics Canada. One sort of optional information that is utilized progressively is authoritative information. This term indicates to information that is gathered routinely as the everyday operations of an association, organization or office. This data is less suitable for above research proposal regarding AI and the future of accounting (Best Kahn, 2016). The secondary data will rely only on gathered information not on present situation of companies, so not as much preferred by researchers in research proposals. Conclusion From various perspectives, these advancements in AI are very significant. Machine learning procedures take advantage of our own psychological qualities design acknowledgment and adapting as opposed to endeavouring to characterize complex guidelines. The most modern strategies here in view of manufactured neural nets and profound learning is empowering major leaps forward in regions for example, language processing, interpretation, machine vision and video game playing. References Anandarajan, M., Anandarajan, A., Srinivasan, C. A. (Eds.). (2012).Business intelligence techniques: a perspective from accounting and finance. Springer Science Business Media. Andone, I. I., Pavaloaia, V. D. (2013). Opportunities of innovation with intelligent technologies for the financial and accounting software. Best, J. W., Kahn, J. V. (2016).Research in education. Pearson Education India. Cassell, C., Symon, G. (Eds.). (2004).Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research. Sage. Chan, D. Y., Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2011). Innovation and practice of continuous auditing.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,12(2), 152-160. Dirican, C. (2015). The Impacts of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence On Business and Economics.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,195, 564-573. Fethi, M. D., Pasiouras, F. (2010). Assessing bank efficiency and performance with operational research and artificial intelligence techniques: A survey.European journal of operational research,204(2), 189-198. ICAEW, (2017), What is the long-term vision for AI and the profession?., Artificial intelligence and the future of accountancy, Available at https://www.icaew.com/-/media/corporate/files/technical/information-technology/technology/ai-report-web.ashx. (accessed on: 28th September 2017). Issa, H., Sun, T., Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2016). Research Ideas for Artificial Intelligence in Auditing: The Formalization of Audit and Workforce Supplementation.Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting,13(2), 1-20. Jariwala, B., (2015), Exploring Artificial Intelligence the Accountancy Profession: Opportunity, Threat, Both, Neither?,Finance Leadership Development, Available at https://www.ifac.org/global-knowledge-gateway/finance-leadership-development/discussion/exploring-artificial-intelligence. (Accessed on: 28th September 2017). Johnson, Phillips, Chase. (2009). An intelligent tutoring system for the accounting cycle: Enhancing textbook homework with artificial intelligence.Journal of Accounting Education,27(1), 30-39. Kirkos, E., Spathis, C., Manolopoulos, Y. (2010). Audit?firm group appointment: an artificial intelligence approach.Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management,17(1), 1-17. Lee, W. I., Shih, B. Y., Chen, C. Y. (2012). Retracted: A hybrid artificial intelligence sales?forecasting system in the convenience store industry.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,22(3), 188-196. Luxton, D., Ronald T., Matthews, J.R. (2014). Artificial Intelligence in Psychological Practice: Current and Future Applications and Implications.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice,45(5), 332-339. Moudud-Ul-Huq, S. (2014). The role of artificial intelligence in the development of accounting systems a review.The IUP Journal of Accounting Research Audit Practices : IJARAP,13(2), 7-19. Omoteso, K. (2012). The application of artificial intelligence in auditing: Looking back to the future.Expert Systems With Applications,39(9), 8490-8495. Pannu, A. (2015). Artificial intelligence and its application in different areas.Artificial Intelligence,4(10). Ramchurn, S. D., Vytelingum, P., Rogers, A., Jennings, N. R. (2012). Putting the'smarts' into the smart grid: a grand challenge for artificial intelligence.Communications of the ACM,55(4), 86-97. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage Publication, London. Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015).Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage publication, London.

Women from Venus Essay Example For Students

Women from Venus Essay In his essay Men from Mars and Women from Venus, John Gray explored the intrinsic differences between men and women in a way that has helped millions of people to understand why relationships between the two sexes could be so frustrating. Gray was correct when he talked about women cherishing love, communication, beauty, and relationships. However, he oversimplified the gender differences between the two sexes. Though women appreciate the beauty in life and want to live with tranquility, they also corrupt by their desire for power, love for competition, and want for achievements. The premises of John Grays essay were set many years ago when all men lived on Mars and all women lived on Venus. Once they got together, they respected and enjoyed their differencesuntil one day when everybody woke up, completely forgetting that they had once came from different planets. Ever since, men mistakenly expected women to think, communicate, and react the way men do. Gray also believes that Venusians are more concerned with living together harmonically, communicably, and loving cooperation. Instead of building highways and tall buildings, they prefer building a Utopia. We will write a custom essay on Women from Venus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Relationships are more important than work and technology says Gray 523. Rather than developing new technology, they build up their relationships with others. On the other hand, Martians get their sense of self from achievement, usually focus on a goal, and tend to be very competitive and self-reliant. The two sexes, according to John Gray, were unlike in their way of life because they came from different worldswomen from Venus while men from Mars. Gray also had some correct points when he stated that women value love, peace, communication, beauty, and relationships. Because of this, women believe romance to be very important; and also value and believe it is critical to sharing ideas, views and life. That is one of the reason they think art, music, and culture are beautiful, as they romanticized life. For example, Queen Elizabeth I proved these characteristics of women. During Queen Elizabeths reign, there was peace in England even from all the chaos caused by conflicts between Protestants and Catholics. Not only did she value peace, she was also a great patron of the arts. Her reign, known in English history as the Elizabethan period, was an era of great accomplishment in Englanda heroic age of exploration and a grand time for art development. During the Age of Exploration, Francis Drake sailed around the world, Martin Frobisher voyaged to the Arctic regions, and Walter Raleigh helped colonize America. Poets and dramatists like William Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser helped create the Golden Age of English literature. However, it was Elizabeth herself who vastly changed Englands standing among European nations. Not only was she a respected peacemaker for her country, but she was also proved to be more. John Gray showed that women are only peaceful beingsa point of view which was true to some extentbut they were also corrupted in other ways. Besides valuing the beauty of the earth and harmony, women are not tranquil as shown is Grays essay; they also love the sense of power, the rush of competition, and the fulfilling feeling of achievements. Again, an example of the same Queen Elizabeth can be used to prove Gray wrong. Elizabeth, was one of the daughters of a legendary King Henry VIII, initially did not want to face the heated conflict between Catholics and Protestants in England, but being the heir to the throne, she was forced to. After many years of disagreements, Elizabeth gave her country peace by dictating her royal degree; women are not as delicate as stated in Grays essay. She ruled with respected authoritarianism, showing her capabilities of being a powerful queen. Instead of living in peace, she led a score of soldiers against the Spanish Armada in July 1588, instilling in her soldiers the will to battle and win; she would continue to fight the Spanish forcefully for 15 years. Despite the dark events of war and religious murders, Elizabeths reign is best remembered for extraordinary achievements. .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .postImageUrl , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:hover , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:visited , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:active { border:0!important; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:active , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tennessee Williams And The Southern Belle EssayShe believed it was her divine mission to lead England, and under her direction, the country became strong and unified. Therefore, commerce and industry prospered. Elizabeth I gave her country peace; however, she also gave it prestige and power. Women do not always fit under the stereotypical views of being tranquil; they also love competing to show their power and achiever their goals. Women do in fact cherish relationships and art, as stated in John Grays essay, but they also love power. John Grays essay is true in some areas, but false in others as shown by the life of Englands, Queen Elizabeth I. Queen Elizabeth, known as the most successful monarch ever sits on the English throne, gave her country peace from the hostilities between the different religious sectors and the Spanish attacks. This showed how women wanted serenity across the land. However, while she did reign with peace, she went through great lengths to achieve this goal. Queen Elizabeth dictated her royal decree on numerous times and proved herself a cynical opponent to the Spanish. Though John Gray was right in writing that women seek harmonic beauty in life, but he was wrong because women also tried to get power, compete, and accomplish their goals.

IKEA Company Case

IKEA Company Case Background IKEA, a leading Swedish home furnishing retailer, was founded in 1943 by Ingvar Kompred with a vision to service young and price-conscious consumers with a wide range of its knock down furniture sold at competitive prices.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on IKEA Company Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Traditionally, IKEA has been known to maintain low-cost operations by contracting and maintaining dedicated independent furniture supplier networks, developing innovative modular designs whose components could be mass produced, maintaining relatively few sales clerks, using a classic cash-and-carry approach to trim costs at a minimum, selling the same type of furniture all around the world to benefit from the economies of scale, using a flat management strategy to enhance fast decision-making processes, abolishing internal budgets to check on expenditure, and utilising inexpensive advertising strategi es such as word-of-mouth and limited advertising to promote sales revenue. Recently, IKEA has been involved in expanding into international markets to reach out more customers and hence leverage its competitive advantage and profits. For instance, the company succeeded in setting store locations in Switzerland in Germany and even proceeded to become the furniture provider of choice for young and price-conscious customers despite facing supply difficulties as well as cultural and regulatory obstacles in these countries. Although the company faced minimal entry barriers in many European countries due to its European history and origin, it did receive unique challenges when gaining entry into the American market due to a host of problems as discussed below. Statement of Problems IKEA faced a host of entry barriers while attempting to gain access to the American market not only due to a diversified population and great cultural diversity demonstrated by potential customers, but also due to strong local competition and imitations. Indeed, the company had not faced such entry barriers before while attempting to gain access to European markets, hence the need for their further exploration. The underlying problems for IKEA’s entry into the American furniture market include: Creation of stable supply networks – IKEA’s operation costs drastically rose upon entry to the American market because it used to source its products from suppliers in Europe. There were unique logistical problems involved in transporting these products to U.S. markets that guaranteed an attractive consumer base.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More IKEA had to move with speed to recruit local suppliers to reduce the dependency of imports and hence cut down on costs. The U.S. suppliers also needed to be trained on more efficient methods to use in the productio n of furniture so that quality was not compromised in attempts to cut down on costs. Product adaptation issues – Upon entry into the American market, IKEA soon realized that some of its products were not reconfigured to the expectations and desires of U.S. customers. For instance, its European-style beds were somewhat narrower and longer than the standard American beds and hence customers could not buy them despite their high quality and low cost as their existing mattresses and beddings could not fit the beds. Again, IKEA’s management was called to attention to solve the adaptation issues with the view to increasing sales purchases and therefore achieve profitability and competitiveness. Unique advertising and promotion challenges – IKEA had traditionally relied on word-of-mouth, limited advertising and the use of catalogues delivered free of charge to customers residing in areas where the furniture retailer had set up business. However, upon gaining entry into the American market, IKEA’s management soon realized that the traditional advertising strategies could not bring positive outcomes in the American market due to a competitive retail market and diversity of the consumers, which made the traditional word-of-mouth advertising less powerful that it had been in ethnically homogenous European countries. Additionally, many American consumers did not identify with the traditional Moose symbol used in other European countries to advertise IKEA products as it was considered strange, provincial and, in some quarters, projecting the wrong image. These unique promotion and advertising challenges necessitated IKEA’s management to go back to the drawing board and devise advertising strategies that could fit well into the American market. Floor layout issue – Traditionally, IKEA utilised a floor layout approach that necessitated consumers to obtain an inventory tag number upon deciding what they wanted to purchase and then pro ceeding to find the kit on the rack in the expansive stores without much assistance from the sales clerks. However, this layout plan proved to be a major problem in the American market owing to customers’ buying behaviour, leading to long queues and declining sales as customers left empty-handed.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on IKEA Company Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Again, this was an issue that IKEA’s management needed to solve to make any headway in the American furniture market. American consumers are averse to long waiting times, hence IKEA’s management was once again tasked with a responsibility of developing and implementing strategies that would reduce the long queues and enhance customer service experience while maintaining operational costs at a minimum. Non-available stock – this problem was related to the difficulties experienced in the supply chain networks as IKEA attempted to import products from European-based suppliers and furniture makers to stock local stores in diverse locations across the United States. To remain competitive, IKEA had to move fast in the recruitment and training of local suppliers to ensure that listed products were available for the customers when needed.

Changing Caption Numbering in Microsoft Word

Changing Caption Numbering in Microsoft Word Changing Caption Numbering in Microsoft Word We’ve previously explained how to add captions to charts, tables and figures in Microsoft Word. But what should you do if the default caption style or numbering doesn’t suit your needs? Maybe, for example, your college style guide recommends a different formatting for captions than the standard style in Word. Or maybe you want to use an alternative numbering system. Luckily, this is all easy to achieve via the â€Å"Style† options in Word. Editing Caption Style If you want to use a different font for captions, you could go through them all changing this manually. However, it’s much quicker to change the caption style instead (instructions apply for Word 2007 and later): Go to the â€Å"Styles† section of the â€Å"Home† tab and find â€Å"Caption† Right click â€Å"Caption† and select â€Å"Modify† to open a new window The Styles menu. Pick the font and formatting options required Click â€Å"OK† to apply the new style Modifying the Caption style. If the â€Å"Caption† style isn’t showing in the â€Å"Home† tab, you may have to click the little arrow in the bottom corner to open the â€Å"Styles† sidebar. If it still isn’t showing, click â€Å"Options† here and make sure that â€Å"All styles† is selected in the â€Å"Select styles to show† menu. Style pane options. Creating a New Caption Style For even greater customization, you can even create a brand new caption style. To do this: Open the â€Å"Styles† sidebar and click the â€Å"New Style† button Creating a new style. In the new window, select â€Å"Caption† in the â€Å"Style based on† menu Select the font and formatting options required Type a name for your new style in the â€Å"Name† box (e.g., â€Å"Caption 2† or â€Å"Custom Caption†) Click â€Å"OK† to create your style To ensure that the font changes back to the paragraph style once you’ve written a caption and hit â€Å"Enter,† you may also want to select â€Å"Normal† from the â€Å"Style for following paragraph† menu. You can also create a new style via the style menu on the main ribbon by selecting Create a Style and clicking Modify to bring up the full set of style options. Creating a style via the main ribbon. Writing Custom Captions When you add captions using â€Å"Insert Caption,† Microsoft Word numbers them automatically according to the label assigned (e.g., â€Å"Figure 1,† Figure 2,† â€Å"Figure 3,† and so on). However, if you don’t want to use this numbering system (e.g., if you want captions in your dissertation to include the chapter number, so the figures in the first chapter are labelled â€Å"Figure 1a,† â€Å"Figure 1b,† â€Å"Figure 1c,† etc.) you’ll need to add captions manually. You can do this by selecting the relevant â€Å"Caption† style from the style menu, placing the cursor where you want the caption to appear in your document, and simply typing the caption desired. You can even use different caption styles for tables, charts and figures if you create a style for each! If you do, though, don’t forget that when adding a list of tables, charts or figures, you’ll need to select the relevant style when creating the list. To do this: Click â€Å"Insert Table of Figures† to open the menu Inserting a table of charts/figures. Click â€Å"Options† to open a new window Under the â€Å"Style† menu, pick the relevant caption style and click â€Å"OK† Custom caption options. Click â€Å"OK† in the main â€Å"Insert Table of Figures† menu to create your list You can then list each of the different caption types separately, which is useful if you have large numbers of illustrations, charts and tables that you want to keep distinct from one another.

The Cultural Challenges of Doing Business Overseas Essay

The Cultural Challenges of Doing Business Overseas - Essay Example The main differences between the US and Czech culture are found in food preferences and style of life. In contrast to American consumers, Czech families prefer to eat at home which helps them to save time and money. Fast food and snack bars are not so popular in Czech Republic. The main target audience of Chicago Style Pizza would include young people and students, middle income families and busy professionals. Cultural differences cover the state of intellectual development of the people and the state of commercial development of the nation. The major risks are underdeveloped fast food culture and strong cultural eating and food patterns. Steve can reduce these risks locating its snack bars in big cities and high populated areas, in business and students centres (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1999). Country-of-origin image can be positively perceived by Czech consumers. In theory, "country of origin based stereotyping may be universal in nature; however, the degree to which it is applied and the prominence given in the evaluation of the product varies" (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1999, 51). ... Customer reactions to price and the judgments that customers make will be conditioned by their perceptions and attitudes toward the country of origin of Chicago Style Pizza. On the one hand, consumers will be influenced by an American origin of the new venture and image of Italian cuisine (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1999). The comparative advantage is underdeveloped fast food market segment which proposes great opportunities for a new entry. Unique image of pizza and unique perception and attitude towards Italian food could have a positive impact on consumers' behavior. Taking into account fast food experience it is possible to say that it creates and develops its global image using American origin supported by the decision to extend and adapt new features influenced by the socio-cultural, economic, and political environments of the other countries. For Chicago Style Pizza, the key to meeting market share or unit sales objectives is making product design changes in response to local market conditions. However, the benefits of achieving such objectives are weighed against the cost of changing a product's design and testing it in the market (Czech Culture Overview 2005). Attention to language skills in recruitment and opportunities for employees to learn another language are commonplace solutions which need no discussion. The understanding of social behavior and good manners in each country is also a very important sphere of IHRM practices. While cultural differences may be regarded as a barrier to the achievement of a truly harmonised single market, they do not act as a barrier to doing business abroad. By adapting to local cultural conditions firms can operate successfully across the nations (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1999). Indeed, it is possible to argue that the

An Analysis of the Citizens United vs Federal Election Commission Essay

An Analysis of the Citizens United vs Federal Election Commission Ruling in the Context of Equal Right - Essay Example By way of brief background, the case takes root in 2008 when a non-profit corporation, Citizens United, released a documentary entitled â€Å"Hillary† that was made to target the former Senator who was at the time vying for the nomination of the Democrats. The Supreme Court ruled that electioneering communications fell under the protective ambit of the First Amendment. It therefore overruled the case of Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, which banned the use of treasury money by corporations to campaign for or against particular candidates, and the case of McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, which upheld the restrictions on electioneering communications imposed on corporate expenditures. Many had called it an affirmation of the First Amendment as guaranteed by the Constitution, but many more felt that the Court was privileging corporate interests and was hijacking the integrity of the elections. There has also been an unfortunate tendency to label those who support Citizens United as conservatives and those who oppose it as more progressive. In this paper, I argue that the decision was in fact an affirmation of free speech and was in fact a celebration of civil liberties. I also argue that the opposite outcome would in the long run have more deleterious effects on the First Amendment. ... h comes from a corporation.† It also states that â€Å"Because speech is an essential mechanism of democracy—it is the means to hold officials accountable to the people—political speech must prevail against laws that would suppress it by design or inadvertence.† It then proceeded to say that corporations and human beings both have a right to free speech that the government is dutybound to protect. Said Justice Kennedy, â€Å"Distinguishing wealthy individuals from corporations based on the latter’s special advantages of,  e.g.,  limited liability, does not suffice to allow laws prohibiting speech.† Another point that was made by the decision was that deciding against Citizens United would render other institutions vulnerable censorship. The majority opinion reminds us that newspapers are corporations as well, and thus they may well be gagged from political communication if the Citizens case was decided in the opposite way. This does not bo de well for the future of media and journalism. Indeed, their freedom must be zealously guarded as it constitutes a bedrock of our democracy. Opponents of the decision, however, are sceptical that the protection of free speech is indeed the agenda of the decision – noting that historically, corporate interests have often trumped public interest, and wondering if this is yet another example of the unfortunate pattern. â€Å"If the ban is struck down†, says Cohen (2009) corporations may soon be writing large checks to the same elected officials whom they are asking to give them bailouts or to remove health-and-safety regulations from their factories or to insert customized loopholes into the tax code.† Fears have been raised that the decision will see an emergence of corporate lobbying in even grander scale than present:

Research Essay Example for Free

Research Essay 1. Dadaism- was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century. Many claim Dada began in Zurich, Switzerland in 1916, spreading to Berlin shortly thereafter but the height of New York Dada was the year before in 1915. To quote Dona Budds The Language of Art Knowledge. Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of World War I. This international movement was begun by a group of artist and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich. Dada rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, irrationality and intuition. The origin of the name Dada is unclear; some believe that it is a nonsensical word. Others maintain that it originates from the Romanian artists Tristan Tzaras and Marcel Jancos frequent use of the words da, da, meaning yes, yes in the Romanian language. Another theory says that the name Dada came during a meeting of the group when a paper knife stuck into a French-German dictionary happened to point to dada, a French word for hobbyhorse. 2. Cubism- is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand LÃ ©ger and Juan Gris that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. The term is broadly used in association with a wide variety of art produced in Paris (Montmartre, Montparnasse and Puteaux) during the 1910s and extending through the 1920s. Variants such as Futurism and Constructivism developed in other countries. A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul CÃ ©zanne, which were displayed in a retrospective at the 1907 Salon dAutomne. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. 3. Impressionism- is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant(Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari. Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. The development of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media that became know n as impressionist music and impressionist literature. 4. Expressionism- was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express meaning or emotional experience rather than physical reality. Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War. It remained popular during the Weimar Republic, particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a wide range of the arts, including painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, architecture and music.

The Creative Process in Film Essay -- Film

With this short but very interesting and informative class I have just scratched the surface of the what it takes to make a full fleged film. It takes much more than I had presumed to make a movie in Hollywood. The number of people that it takes to make a minute of a movie let alone the entire movie was astonishing to me. There are many things that it takes to start making a movie but without an idea of some sort there is no movie to be made. A crew includes a screenwriter, whose job it is to provide the written blueprint version of the entire film. This is basically the starting point for any movie. Next there is the producer. There are many types of producers; executive producers, co-producers, assistant producers and line producers. They all do very different things. Some are the producers are responsible for raising the funds for the movie while others are responsible for the production that goes on during the filming of the movie and still other producers are in charge of what physically goes on the set. Then it is time for the director. The director is in charge of the actors. The director works with the actors to visually bring to life what was written on the screenplay (Fortunato, Who Does What on a Film). Now the idea needs to come together. The idea of writing, â€Å"what you know† is not always true and writing, â€Å"what you come to know† is in fact a more accurate way to write. Other good ways to formulate ideas are to use existing plays, novels, short stories, life stories, new articles, or even past TV shows and film. When using existing work a person needs to make sure that one secures the copyrights before starting write. Securing the copyrights does not mean one is finished yet. Now a person needs... ...ce during the end of the movie. The whole time there is a tension that is not released until to final fight and you find out who is going to get the cube, the decepticons or the auto-bots (Valenti, 107). Works Cited Fortunato, Joe. "Development" FMP 201. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.. Lecture. Fortunato, Joe. "From Script to Shooting Schedule" FMP 201. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. . Lecture. Fortunato, Joe. "Production" FMP 201. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. Lecture. Fortunato, Joe. "Wrap" FMP 201. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. Lecture. Fortunato, Joe. "Post-Production" FMP 201. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. . Lecture. Fortunato, Joe. "Distribution" FMP 201. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. Valenti, F. Miguel., Les Brown, and Laurie Trotta. More than a Movie: Ethics in Entertainment. Boulder, 2000. Print.

Impacts of Motivation in Employee Performance Essay

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Back Ground of the Study The study was attempted to investigate analytically the major causes of employees’ motivation in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. To accomplish this, the research was considered to take appropriate data that relevant to the problem. Since, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is the major sector that supports the current development of Ethiopia economy and the five years of transformation plan, so it should be better to take study to identify the major causes that affects of employees’ motivation toward their work and to propose necessary tools of solution to mitigate the problem. This will be at least a solution currently and in the future for the organization. The major initiatives to conduct this study are also one of the researchers is working in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia that observe most of employees are not satisfied or motivated to work. This forced the rest researchers to examine the basic problems of human resource management unable to conduct how frequently motivate emp loyees’ in the existing work place using financial and non financial tools. If this problems not solved, it may affects the image of the organization, belongingness workers etc†¦gradually. Considering this, it should be necessary to conduct study to identify the major causes of employees’ dissatisfaction in their work place that affects motivation, and the drawback of motivation packages relative to the image of the organization and its strategic plan which is to be â€Å"Classic Bank In The World†. To do an extensive study, the researcher performed methodological ways of gathering data pursuant to the problems and objective of the study paper. The employees are one of the vital resources or ingredient that will help organization to achieve its objectives. Employees supply their talents, knowledge, skill and experience towards to the achievement of organizational objectives. To get maximum performance from employees, the organization must have the necessary motivational scheme that encourages employees for better performance. Optimizing performance of employees by motivational factors is challenging and sensitive due to uniqueness of working force which came to organization from different socio-economical background. Performances of motivated employees create high productivity, innovativeness and good attitudes towards the organizations. There is a relationship between motivational factors and some facts of the employees behavior such as performance, turnover, absenteeism, poor attendance, willingness to do more, creativity, flexibility, and commitment to the organization. So motivation has important implications because it affects the individual quality of work, life, and performance. Therefore, managers are expected to have necessary skill on how to motivate employees. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia as a service rendering organization thereby maximizing its profit, its quality of service is highly determined by devotion of its employees. Therefore, the bank has to give importance to the recruitment of educated employees, to staff training and the improvement of workers’ benefit packages. Besides, it has to revise its benefit package with a view to motivating its staff towards greater efficiency and competence. In general, the study was focused on to investigate the real causes of employees’ dissatisfaction at their work place in the Bank and its impacts toward the image, rest of employees’ belongingness. 1.2 Back Ground of the Organization Currently, the Commercial Bank Ethiopia (CBE) has 15 district offices and above 300 branches throughout the country serving as market outlets. As the largest bank and development partner of the Ethiopian Government, the CBE has transferred Birr 1.23 Billion in 2008 1 to the coffers/treasure of the state. In 2005/2006, the market share of the Bank was 24% and 76% for credit extension and deposit mobilization, in that order. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) is the leading Bank in the country. It has over 8,600 employees and close to 2 million accounts holders throughout the country, and total asset of Birr 73.7billion, total deposit and other liabilities of Birr 56.1 billion and outstanding loans of Birr 22.9 billion, and close to 70 years of solid accumulated banking experience. The CBE is in the forefront of the banking industry in meeting the financial needs of the various sectors, sub-sectors and ongoing varied investment projects in the economy. It has diversified credit portfolio with loan facilities extended ranging from farmers’ cooperatives to commercial farmers and large manufacturing and construction project. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia currently has given services for customers such as Deposit, Loan service, foreign currency service etc†¦ The CBE has a vision to be world a worldwide class commercial bank by 2025.It has also set a strategy of exceeding customers and stake holder’s expectation through service excellence and business growth supporting the development efforts in the country. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia currently played a great role for the development of the economy to achieve the million goal of the country. (CBE Public Relations Documentation, 2011). 1.3 Statement of the Problem It is obvious that currently Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is a major blood for the current economic growth of Ethiopia. In order to fulfill this, the company mobilized big amount of foreign and domestic currency to facilitate and support high investment process in the economy. To perform effectively this, the firm should have well developed human resource management tools to enhance the work forces motivation toward their work which help to create loyal and belonging employees in the work area. This has a direct relationship with the service quality level to satisfy the existing and prospect customers. Moreover to introduce new and modern type of working system throughout the organization, there should be also a sound strategy of workers motivation program, which helps to increase workers retention in the bank. Organizations that only focus on its goal, without considering the factors of employees motivation toward their works has become a cause of fragility of the business in the long run. In this essence, employees that are not satisfied in their organization could not be initiated to exert more efforts effectively in the organization, instead they will look for other opportunities externally and vote with their feet by moving their allegiance to competitors, and this will affect the firms in the long run. The outcomes of the research will help the organization to take the necessary corrective measurements in the future and to revise its motivation strategy of employees. Because of the above major problems, the existing employees’ lack confidence on the bank. Moreover, the bank faces problem of employees’ turnover due to lack of effective motivation, this also results in high cost of getting experienced employees and recruiting of new one. Therefore; regarding the above problem, the study attempted to respond the following basic research questions. 1.What is the feeling and attitudes of employees towards to motivational factors used in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia? 2.What are the consequences of job dis-satisfaction in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia? 3.What are the consequences of lack of motivated employees’ performance? 4.What is the effect of motivation on employees’ loyalty to the organization? 5.What kind of action should be taken by the bank to increase employees’ motivation toward work areas? 6.What are the basic factors for employees’ motivation in the work area? Is it financial or non financial benefits? 1.4 Objective of the study Due to lack of effective motivation, most employees are dissatisfied to their work place; this creates desperate work forces that perform their work till to get other opportunities of work in order to get the root of the problem the study set the following objectives. General objective The general objective of the study was to identify the causes and impacts of lack of employees’ motivation and to identify the basic causes of dissatisfaction of employees to ward their work, which aggravated lack of employees’ motivation. Specific Objective †¢To indicate which is the basic factors for lack of employees motivation currently in the bank †¢To show the relation between lack of employees’ motivation impacts and employees’ turnover. †¢To assess the potential consequences of lack of employees’ motivation in the Bank. †¢ To set appropriate recommendation for the problem based on the findings. 1.5 Significance of the study The study identified the major causes of employees’ dissatisfaction, which is a major factor that affects motivation of employees at the work area. The outcomes of the research help to increase employees’ satisfaction at their works that support to increase the service level of customers’ satisfaction. Moreover, increase of work force motivation has also a direct relationship to minimize turnover in the bank. The other advantages of increase of motivation of employees at the work area are enables employees to enhance their loyalty for the organization and at the same time employees’ belongingness increase. This also helps for the reputation of the image of the bank. Employees will increase their efficiency to serve their customers with smiling face. Moreover also; the study provided a hint for other researchers as a reference, and the findings of the study will help to give valuable information for top management to establish new system to increase employe es’ motivation. 1.6 Scope of the study The study considered major causes of employees’ lack of motivation in the Bank especially focusing in the area of Addis Ababa core operation. It scopes limited to study employees’ lack of motivation in Addis Ababa area only, by taking as a population and sample of the existing employees. 1.7 Limitation of the Study The major limitation of the study is constraints of time and collecting appropriate data from respondents since there was few samples unwillingness to return the questionnaires properly. 1.8 Research Methodology 1.8.1 Research Design The study applied the following types of research method to investigate the problems. The research is designed by using both Primary & Secondary data. 1.8.2 Source of Data & Methods of Data Collection The method of data collection carried out by distribution of questioners, which consist of both closed and open-end questioners. The questioners were being the main instrument of primary data collection. The secondary data gathered from different books, literature review, internet and printed materials. 1.8.3Sampling Design & Techniques A sampling technique of random sampling adopted by taking the sample from the selected four city branches and two departments of Manager and non-manager line staff employees of commercial bank of Ethiopia. The total population was taken 200. 1.8.4Methods of Data Analysis Descriptive and explanatory methods of data analysis applied. Test hypothesis for possible interdependence and effect relation ships conducted for easy understanding of trends of some patterns of distribution, table, percentage and interpretation of data conducted based on the response and theoretical concepts. 1.9 Organization of the paper The study paper included four chapters. The first chapter is about the introduction part which contains back ground, statement of problems, objective of the study, significance, methodology of research, limitation of the study and organization of the paper. In Chapter II, Theoretical concepts from internet are included. Chapter III included the important part of the study, which is data analysis and interpretation, this lead to the final Chapter IV, which described the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation of the paper. CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF MOTIVATION 2.1 Motivation and Motivation Theory The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning â€Å"to move.† Motivation can be broadly defined as the forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation theory is thus concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is activated. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). The broad rubric of motivation and motivation theory is one of the most frequently studied and written-about topics in the organizational sciences, and is considered one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. Despite the magnitude of the effort that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single theory of motivation that is universally accepted. The lack of a unified theory of motivation reflects both the complexity of the construct and the diverse backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these crucial points, it is illuminating to consider the development of motivation and motivation theory as the objects of scientific inquiry. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.2 Historical Development Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists writing in the late 19th and early twentieth century have suggested that human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways, depending upon the behavioral cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously aware. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as an explanation for motivated behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the consequences of past behavior. Still others examined the influence of individuals’ cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.3 Major Content Theories Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an individual to act or move (hence, â€Å"motivate†) toward the satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives. Major content theories of motivation are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene theory, and McClelland’s learned needs or three-needs theory. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.3.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, which suggests that individual needs exist in a hierarchy consisting of physiological needs, security needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic needs for food, water, and other factors necessary for survival. Security needs include needs for safety in one’s physical environment, stability, and freedom from emotional distress. Belongingness needs relate to desires for friendship, love, and acceptance within a given community of individuals. Esteem needs are those associated with obtaining the respect of one’s self and others. Finally, self-actualization needs are those corresponding to the achievement one’s own potential, the exercising and testing of one’s creative capacities, and, in general, to becoming the best person one can possibly be. Unsatisfied needs motivate behavior; thus, lower-level needs such as the physiological and security needs must be met before upper-level needs such as belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization can be motivational. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). Applications of the hierarchy of needs to management and the workplace are obvious. According to the implications of the hierarchy, individuals must have their lower level needs met by, for example, safe working conditions, adequate pay to take care of one’s self and one’s family, and job security before they will be motivated by increased job responsibilities, status, and challenging work assignments. Despite the ease of application of this theory to a work setting, this theory has received little research support and therefore is not very useful in practice. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.3.2 Alderfer’s Erg Theory. The ERG theory is an extension of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Alderfer suggested that needs could be classified into three categories, rather than five. These three types of needs are existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs are similar to Maslow’s physiological and safety need categories. Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships and are comparable to aspects of Maslow’s belongingness and esteem needs. Growth needs are those related to the attainment of one’s potential and are associated with Maslow’s esteem and self-actualization needs. 1.The ERG theory differs from the hierarchy of needs in that it does not suggest that lower-level needs must be completely satisfied before upper-level needs become motivational. ERG theory also suggests that if an individual is continually unable to meet upper-level needs that the person will regress and lower-level needs become the major determinants of their motivation. ERG theory’s implications for managers are similar to those for the needs hierarchy: managers should focus on meeting employees’ existence, relatedness, and growth needs, though without necessarily applying the proviso that, say, job-safety concerns necessarily take precedence over challenging and fulfilling job requirements. (http://wwww.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf). 2.3.3 Motivator-Hygiene Theory. Frederick Herzberg developed the motivator-hygiene theory. This theory is closely related to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs but relates more specifically to how individuals are motivated in the workplace. Based on his research, Herzberg argued that meeting the lower-level needs (hygiene factors) of individuals would not motivate them to exert effort, but would only prevent them from being dissatisfied. Only if higher-level needs (motivators) were met would individuals be motivated. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). The implication for managers of the motivator-hygiene theory is that meeting employees lower-level needs by improving pay, benefits, safety, and other job-contextual factors will prevent employees from becoming actively dissatisfied but will not motivate them to exert additional effort toward better performance. To motivate workers, according to the theory, managers must focus on changing the intrinsic nature and content of jobs themselves by â€Å"enriching† them to increase employees’ autonomy and their opportunities to take on additional responsibility, gain recognition, and develop their skills and careers. 2.3.4 Mcclelland’s Learned Needs Theory. McClelland’s theory suggests that individuals learn needs from their culture. Three of the primary needs in this theory are the need for affiliation (n Aff), the need for power (n Pow), and the need for achievement (n Ach). The need for affiliation is a desire to establish social relationships with others. The need for power reflects a desire to control one’s environment and influence others. The need for achievement is a desire to take responsibility, set challenging goals, and obtain performance feedback. The main point of the learned needs theory is that when one of these needs is strong in a person, it has the potential to motivate behavior that leads to its satisfaction. Thus, managers should attempt to develop an understanding of whether and to what degree their employees have one or more of these needs, and the extent to which their jobs can be structured to satisfy them. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4 Major Process Theories Process (or cognitive) theories of motivation focus on conscious human decision processes as an explanation of motivation. The process theories are concerned with determining how individual behavior is energized, directed, and maintained in the specifically willed and self-directed human cognitive processes. Process theories of motivation are based on early cognitive theories, which posit that behavior is the result of conscious decision-making processes. The major process theories of motivation are expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, and reinforcement theory. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.1 Expectancy Theory. In the early 1960s, Victor Vroom applied concepts of behavioral research conducted in the 1930s by Kurt Lewin and Edward Tolman directly to work motivation. Basically, Vroom suggested that individuals choose work behaviors that they believe lead to outcomes they value. In deciding how much effort to put into a work behavior, individuals are likely to consider: †¢Their expectancy, meaning the degree to which they believe that putting forth effort will lead to a given level of performance. †¢Their instrumentality or the degree to which they believe that a given level of performance will result in certain outcomes or rewards. †¢Their valence, which is the extent to which the expected outcomes are attractive or unattractive. All three of these factors are expected to influence motivation in a multiplicative fashion, so that for an individual to be highly motivated, all three of the components of the expectancy model must be high. And, if even one of these is zero (e.g., instrumentality and valence are high, but expectancy is completely absent), the person will have not motivation for the task. Thus, managers should attempt, to the extent possible, to ensure that their employees believe that increased effort will improve performance and that performance will lead to valued rewards. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). In the late 1960s, Porter and Lawler published an extension of the Vroom expectancy model, which is known as the Porter-Lawler expectancy model or simply the Porter-Lawler model. Although the basic premise of the Porter-Lawler model is the same as for Vroom’s model, the Porter-Lawler model is more complex in a number of ways. It suggests that increased effort does not automatically lead to improved performance because individuals may not possess the necessary abilities needed to achieve high levels of performance, or because they may have an inadequate or vague perception of how to perform necessary tasks. Without an understanding of how to direct effort effectively, individuals may exert considerable effort without a corresponding increase in performance. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.2 Equity Theory. Equity theory suggests that individuals engage in social comparison by comparing their efforts and rewards with those of relevant others. The perception of individuals about the fairness of their rewards relative to others influences their level of motivation. Equity exists when individuals perceive that the ratio of efforts to rewards is the same for them as it is for others to whom they compare themselves. Inequity exists when individuals perceive that the ratio of efforts to rewards is different (usually negatively so) for them than it is for others to whom they compare themselves. There are two types of inequity—under-reward and over-reward. Under-reward occurs when a person believes that she is either puts in more efforts than another, yet receives the same reward, or puts in the same effort as another for a lesser reward. For instance, if an employee works longer hours than her coworker, yet they receive the same salary, the employee would perceive inequity in the form o f under-reward. Conversely, with over-reward, a person will feel that his efforts to rewards ratio is higher than another person’s, such that he is getting more for putting in the same effort, or getting the same reward even with less effort. While research suggests that under-reward motivates individuals to resolve the inequity, research also indicates that the same is not true for over-reward. Individuals who are over-rewarded often engage in cognitive dissonance, convincing themselves that their efforts and rewards are equal to another’s. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). According to the equity theory, individuals are motivated to reduce perceived inequity. Individuals may attempt to reduce inequity in various ways. A person may change his or her level of effort; an employee who feels under-rewarded is likely to work less hard. A person may also try to change his or her rewards, such as by asking for a raise. Another option is to change the behavior of the reference person, perhaps by encouraging that person to put forth more effort. Finally, a person experiencing inequity may change the reference person and compare him or herself to a different person to assess equity. For managers, equity theory emphasizes the importance of a reward system that is perceived as fair by employees. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.3 Goal-Setting Theory. The goal-setting theory posits that goals are the most important factors affecting the motivation and behavior of employees. This motivation theory was developed primarily by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham. Goal-setting theory emphasizes the importance of specific and challenging goals in achieving motivated behavior. Specific goals often involve quantitative targets for improvement in a behavior of interest. Research indicates that specific performance goals are much more effective than those in which a person is told to â€Å"do your best.† Challenging goals are difficult but not impossible to attain. Empirical research supports the proposition that goals that are both specific and challenging are more motivational than vague goals or goals that are relatively easy to achieve. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). Several factors may moderate the relationship between specific and challenging goals and high levels of motivation. The first of these factors is goal commitment, which simply means that the more dedicated the individual is to achieving the goal, the more they will be motivated to exert effort toward goal accomplishment. Some research suggests that having employees participate in goal setting will increase their level of goal commitment. A second factor relevant to goal-setting theory is self-efficacy, which is the individual’s belief that he or she can successfully complete a particular task. If individuals have a high degree of self-efficacy, they are likely to respond more positively to specific and challenging goals than if they have a low degree of self-efficacy. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.4 Reinforcement Theory. This theory can be traced to the work of the pioneering behaviorist B.F. Skinner. It is considered a motivation theory as well as a learning theory. Reinforcement theory posits that motivated behavior occurs as a result of reinforces, which are outcomes resulting from the behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again. This theory suggests that it is not necessary to study needs or cognitive processes to understand motivation, but that it is only necessary to examine the consequences of behavior. Behavior that is reinforced is likely to continue, but behavior that is not rewarded or behavior that is punished is not likely to be repeated. Reinforcement theory suggests to managers that they can improve employees’ performance by a process of behavior modification in which they reinforce desired behaviors and punish undesired behaviors. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.5 People Motivation- Non – financial Notes Most business recognizes the need for non- financial methods of motivation. The main ones are described briefly below. 2.5.1 Job Enlargement Job enlargement involves adding extra, similar tasks to a job. In job enlargement, the job itself remains essentially unchanged. However, by widening the range of tasks that need to be performed, hopefully the employees will experience less repetition and monotony. With job enlargement, the employees rarely need to acquire new skills to carry out the additional task. A possible negative effect is that job enlargement can be viewed by employees as a requirement to carry out more work for the same pay. (http://tutor ). 2.5.2 Job Rotation Job rotation involves the movement of employees through a range of jobs in order to increase interest and motivation. For example, an administrative employee might spent part of the week looking after the reception area of business, dealing with customers and enquires. Some time might then be spent manning the company telephone switch board and then inputting data onto a database. Job rotation may offer the advantage of making it easier to cover for absent colleagues, but it may also reduce productivity as workers are initially unfamiliar with a new task. Job rotation also often involves the need for extra training. (http://tutor ). 2.5.3 Job enrichment Job enrichment attempts to give employees greater responsibility by increasing the range and complexity of tasks they are asked to do and giving them the necessary authority. It motivates by giving employees the opportunity to use their abilities to the fullest. Successful job enrichment almost always requires further investment in employee training. (http://tutor ). 2.5.4 Team Working and Empowerment Empowerment involves giving people greater control over their working lives. Organizing the labour force into team with degree of autonomy can achieve this. This means that employees plan their own work, take their own decision and solve their own problems. Teams are set targets to achieve and may receive and may receive rewards for doing so. Empowerment teams are an increasingly popular method of organizing employees at work. (http://tutor ).